weight loss 101
GLP‑1 medications, also known as GLP‑1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics, are a class of drugs that mimic a natural hormone called glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1). Here’s a breakdown of what you need to know:
🧬 What Is GLP‑1?
GLP‑1 is a hormone produced in the intestines after eating. It:
- Stimulates insulin release when blood sugar is high
- Suppresses glucagon, reducing glucose production by the liver
- Slows down gastric emptying, helping you feel full longer
- Curbs appetite by acting on the brain
💊 How GLP‑1 Medications Work
GLP‑1 agonists essentially “turn on” the GLP‑1 receptor, extending these effects:
- Enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion
- Inhibit glucagon release, lowering blood sugar
- Delay stomach emptying, reducing spike in glucose
- Increase satiety, which can help with weight management
They act on the pancreas, liver, stomach, and brain to improve blood sugar control and reduce calorie intake .
✅ Main Uses
- Type 2 diabetes management
- Obesity or weight management (higher doses or specific formulations)
🏷️ Popular GLP‑1 Medications
Here are some commonly used GLP‑1 agonists in the U.S.:
| Generic | Brand Names | Admin Route & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Exenatide | Byetta, Bydureon | Twice-daily or weekly injectables |
| Liraglutide | Victoza (diabetes), Saxenda (weight) | Daily injection |
| Lixisenatide | Adlyxin | Daily injection |
| Dulaglutide | Trulicity | Weekly injection |
| Semaglutide | Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus | Once-weekly injection or daily pills (Rybelsus) |
| Tirzepatide | Mounjaro, Zepbound | Weekly injection (dual GLP‑1/GIP agonist) |
⚠️ Side Effects
The most common side effects include:
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain
- Potential headache, dizziness, increased heart rate
- Gastrointestinal discomfort typically decreases over time or with titration
📌 Bottom Line
GLP‑1 medications are effective for managing type 2 diabetes, supporting weight loss, and reducing cardiovascular risk. They work by replicating and extending the effects of natural GLP‑1 hormone—enhancing insulin release, reducing glucagon, slowing digestion, and suppressing appetite.
